{"id":953,"date":"2026-05-28T15:05:41","date_gmt":"2026-05-28T15:05:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/?p=953"},"modified":"2026-05-28T15:05:41","modified_gmt":"2026-05-28T15:05:41","slug":"massive-marine-predator-crowned-t-rex-of-the-ocean-and-a-true-terror-of-its-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/?p=953","title":{"rendered":"Massive marine predator crowned T. rex of the ocean and \u2018a true terror of its time\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<div>\n<div> <div>\n<button>\n<strong>\n<span><svg>\n<\/svg>\n<\/span>\n<span>Summary<\/span>\n<\/strong>\n<span><svg><\/svg>\n<\/span>\n<span><svg><\/svg>\n<\/span>\n<\/button>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>Paleontologists have newly described a marine reptile species called Tylosaurus rex that lived in ancient oceans.<\/li>\n<li>The massive mosasaur measured up to 43 feet long and lived 80 million years ago in waters then covering North America.<\/li>\n<li>Researchers uncovered the species after examining fossils misidentified for decades in museums.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<span>AI-generated summary was reviewed by a CNN editor.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n            Paleontologists have long hailed Tyrannosaurus rex as king of the dinosaurs. Now, the name \u201cT. rex\u201d also belongs to a newly described extinct carnivore \u2014 a massive marine reptile with the scientific name Tylosaurus rex that a trio of researchers uncovered after a hefty amount of detective work.\n    <\/p><p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/?p=941\">US regulator tries to withdraw $5 million penalty against Trump donors\u2019 crypto company<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\n            The freshly crowned T. rex wasn\u2019t a dinosaur but a mosasaur, a gigantic ocean apex predator that lived about 80 million years ago \u2014 a bit earlier than the dinosaur king, which lived 68 million to 66 million years ago \u2014 and measured up to 43 feet (13 meters) long. The sleuthing scientists identified the species from fossils attributed for decades to a closely related mosasaur.\n    <\/p>\n<div>\n<header>\n<span>\n      Related article\n    <\/span>\n<\/header>\n<section>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"The skeleton of the 'Trinity' Tyrannosaurus Rex pictured during a visit to the Sauriermuseum Aathal dinosaur museum in Seegraben, canton of Zurich, Switzerland on Monday 22 January 2024. Belgian businessman Huts and his companies Katoen Natie and Indaver bought the skeleton of the 'Trinity' Tyrannosaurus Rex for 5.6 million euros, to display it at the Boerentoren tower in the near future. BELGA PHOTO ERIC LALMAND (Photo by ERIC LALMAND \/ BELGA MAG \/ Belga via AFP) (Photo by ERIC LALMAND\/BELGA MAG\/AFP via Getty Images)\" class=\"wp-image-894\" height=\"144\" src=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/31837e66df883ca1cd895df0ce37852d.jpg\" width=\"256\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<span>The skeleton of the &#8216;Trinity&#8217; Tyrannosaurus Rex pictured during a visit to the Sauriermuseum Aathal dinosaur museum in Seegraben, canton of Zurich, Switzerland on Monday 22 January 2024. Belgian businessman Huts and his companies Katoen Natie and Indaver bought the skeleton of the &#8216;Trinity&#8217; Tyrannosaurus Rex for 5.6 million euros, to display it at the Boerentoren tower in the near future. BELGA PHOTO ERIC LALMAND (Photo by ERIC LALMAND \/ BELGA MAG \/ Belga via AFP) (Photo by ERIC LALMAND\/BELGA MAG\/AFP via Getty Images)<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<figcaption>Eric Lalmand\/Belga Mag\/AFP\/Getty Images<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\n<span>Why did T. rex have tiny arms? A new study may finally have the answer<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<div>6  min read<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n            Like the land-dwelling T. rex (rex means king in Latin), the huge creature ruled its habitat, its sawlike teeth tearing into its prey \u2014 fish, turtles and long-necked marine reptiles called plesiosaurs \u2014 \u201creally crunching through and ripping them up,\u201d said Amelia Zietlow, a paleontologist with the History Museum at the Castle in Appleton, Wisconsin. Zietlow is lead author of a new study describing Tylosaurus rex, published May 21 in the journal Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            Fossils of the long-snouted swimmer were found in what\u2019s now Texas and date back about 80 million years to the latter part of the Cretaceous Period, a time when an inland sea partly covered the North American continent. For the new study, Zietlow and her coauthors examined and reclassified fossils housed in more than a dozen institutions \u2014 specimens that had been misidentified as the species Tylosaurus proriger.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            \u201cHere we have two T. rexes, one the king of the dinosaurs on land, the other the king of the reptiles in the water, both about the same size, 40 feet long or so, and both dominant at the top of the food chain, as the biggest carnivores in their ecosystems,\u201d said paleontologist Steve Brusatte, a professor of paleontology and evolution at Scotland\u2019s University of Edinburgh, in an email. Brusatte was not involved in the research.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            The discovery serves as a reminder that scientific breakthroughs can come from museum collections as well as newfound fossils, and that amateur dinosaur enthusiasts also can play an important part in identifying species new to science, Zietlow noted.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            \u201cA lot of these specimens were dug up and donated by avocational or hobbyist paleontologists in the Dallas area, so there was a lot of community involvement,\u201d she said. \u201cThis is a really great case of what paleontology can be, if everyone works together.\u201d\n    <\/p>\n<h2>\n        The puzzling \u2018Beefcake\u2019 fossil\n<\/h2>\n<div>\n<div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium_large\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A reconstruction depicts Tylosaurus rex in the Western Interior Seaway of North America during the Cretaceous Period.\" class=\"wp-image-948\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0d06a62786859f64bc814a09c83a2900.jpg\" width=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0d06a62786859f64bc814a09c83a2900.jpg 768w, https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/0d06a62786859f64bc814a09c83a2900-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<span>A reconstruction depicts Tylosaurus rex in the Western Interior Seaway of North America during the Cretaceous Period.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<figcaption>Alderon Games\/Path of Titans\/Courtesy American Museum of Natural History<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n            For Zietlow, Tylosaurus rex\u2019s origin story began in 2020 in New York City. She was a doctoral student in the American Museum of Natural History\u2019s Richard Gilder Graduate School, examining AMNH\u2019s mosasaur specimens.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            \u201cMy research is focused on variation, so I wanted to get a sense of the scope of different mosasaurs that were in the collection,\u201d Zietlow said. One large T. proriger fossil unearthed in Texas during the 19th century \u2014 she nicknamed it \u201cBeefcake\u201d for its size \u2014 captured   her attention.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            \u201cI had never heard of Tylosaurus being found in Texas before,\u201d she said. \u201cTypically, they\u2019re found in Kansas and South Dakota, so that stood out to me.\u201d She connected with study coauthor Michael J. Polcyn, a mosasaur specialist and senior research fellow at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, around 2022, and suggested that the AMNH specimen might represent a different species of Tylosaurus.\n    <\/p>\n<div>\n<header>\n<span>\n      Related article\n    <\/span>\n<\/header>\n<section>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"JORGIE.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-949\" height=\"144\" src=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/410a1f3b64fcd60d67c2b74c37ae1768.jpg\" width=\"256\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<\/div>\n<figcaption>Henry Sharpe\/Courtesy American Museum of Natural History<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\n<span>Fossil unearthed in North Dakota could help solve an evolutionary mystery<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<div>6  min read<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n            As it happened, Polcyn had been investigating this possibility for about a decade. Peculiarities in other T. proriger fossils caught his eye around 2012, but at the time there were not enough specimens to make a strong case for a species new to science, he told CNN in an email.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            \u201cOver the years, more specimens were discovered which started filling out the gaps in our understanding of the anatomy and natural variation of the animal,\u201d Polcyn said.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            Still, describing a species from fossils can take years. Specimens are often incomplete or poorly preserved, and other factors can muddy the waters when it comes to connecting the dots between anatomical anomalies.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            \u201cYou need to rule out pathologies, how animals change while growing, and other factors that may account for the differences,\u201d he added.\n    <\/p><p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/?p=939\">Opioid Crisis Fast Facts<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\n        Finding a pattern in Tylosaurus museum specimens\n<\/h2>\n<div>\n<div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium_large\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Amelia Zietlow, the new study's lead author, examines the Tylosaurus rex holotype skeleton in 2023 at the Perot Museum.\" class=\"wp-image-950\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/ced04c50e5cf92a682fc161e0df5ad13.jpg\" width=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/ced04c50e5cf92a682fc161e0df5ad13.jpg 768w, https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/ced04c50e5cf92a682fc161e0df5ad13-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<span>Amelia Zietlow, the new study&#8217;s lead author, examines the Tylosaurus rex holotype skeleton in 2023 at the Perot Museum.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<figcaption>Perot Museum of Nature and Science\/Courtesy American Museum of Natural History<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n            Zietlow traveled to 22 museums across North America and Europe to do comparative data collection of presumed T. proriger fossils found in northeastern Texas, \u201ctaking pictures, taking measurements, taking surface scans in some cases, and building up a dataset to be absolutely positive that we were seeing a pattern that could be attributed to a species-level difference,\u201d she said.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            Her analysis showed that at least a dozen of those fossils displayed characteristics hinting at a novel Tylosaurus species. The Tylosaurus rex holotype \u2014 or single specimen that defines a given species \u2014 is on display at the Perot Museum of Nature and Science in Dallas. This T. rex is the most complete skeleton of the species. (Study coauthor Ronald S. Tykoski is vice president of science and curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Perot Museum.)\n    <\/p>\n<div>\n<header>\n<span>\n      Related article\n    <\/span>\n<\/header>\n<section>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"&lt;em&gt;Spinosaurus mirabilis&lt;\/em&gt; snaring the coelacanth &lt;em&gt;Mawsonia&lt;\/em&gt; some 95 million years ago from a river in northern Africa in what is now the Sahara Desert in Niger. A scimitar-shaped head crest and interdigitating teeth characterize this wading giant, one of the last-surviving spinosaurid species\" class=\"wp-image-951\" height=\"144\" src=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/17d163d233854a7f7e3016e63b931297.jpg\" width=\"256\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<span><em>Spinosaurus mirabilis<\/em> snaring the coelacanth <em>Mawsonia<\/em> some 95 million years ago from a river in northern Africa in what is now the Sahara Desert in Niger. A scimitar-shaped head crest and interdigitating teeth characterize this wading giant, one of the last-surviving spinosaurid species<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<figcaption>Dani Navarro\/University of Chicago<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\n<span>Newly discovered \u2018hell heron\u2019 adds evidence in longstanding dinosaur debate<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<div>4  min read<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n            Tylosaurus rex was larger than T. proriger, measuring on average about 30 to 35 feet (9 to 11 meters) from nose to tail. The skull of the largest specimen measured more than 5.5 feet (1.7 meters) long. The marine reptile also had serrated teeth, an extra bony pocket in its skull where neck muscles attached, and heavier jaw muscles, giving it a more forceful bite.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            Tylosaurus was previously thought to be a less diverse genus than other mosasaurs. Adding T. rex to the Tylosaurus group suggests that there is greater diversity in tylosaurs than expected.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            \u201cTylosaurus is much more interesting and much more diverse than it\u2019s ever been given credit for,\u201d Zietlow said.\n    <\/p>\n<h2>\n        Colossal marine reptiles ruled the seas\n<\/h2>\n<div>\n<div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"The ferocious Tylosaurus rex had sawlike teeth that tore into prey. Here's a single tooth from a Perot Museum specimen.\" class=\"wp-image-952\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/36fd51646a400dd21a4f6a42a694bd11.jpg\" width=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/36fd51646a400dd21a4f6a42a694bd11.jpg 683w, https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/36fd51646a400dd21a4f6a42a694bd11-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<span>The ferocious Tylosaurus rex had sawlike teeth that tore into prey. Here&#8217;s a single tooth from a Perot Museum specimen.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<figcaption>Nathan Hunsinger\/Perot Museum of Nature and Science\/Courtesy American Museum of Natural History<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n            Illuminating the diversity of mosasaurs in general also casts the so-called age of dinosaurs in a different light, Brusatte added.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            \u201cIt wasn\u2019t only dinosaurs that thrived and dominated during this time,\u201d he said. \u201cYes, they ruled the land, but there were other equally enormous and ferocious carnivorous reptiles stalking the seas. Tylosaurus rex would have been one of the biggest and most ferocious of these, a true terror of its time, and as scary as any shark that lives today.\u201d\n    <\/p>\n<div>\n<header>\n<span>\n      Related article\n    <\/span>\n<\/header>\n<section>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"An artist's impression of how the giant octopus would have looked\" class=\"wp-image-891\" height=\"144\" src=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/08be777ccc364a855f6b9a298a900ac3.jpg\" width=\"256\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<span>An artist&#8217;s impression of how the giant octopus would have looked<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<figcaption>Yohei Utsuki\/Hokkaido University<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\n<span>Giant, 60-foot octopuses were apex predators 100 million years ago, fossil discovery shows<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<div>4  min read<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n            And there are more surprises in store from the newly crowned T. rex, Polcyn said.\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n            \u201cA research project always generates more questions than can be addressed in a single paper,\u201d he said. \u201cWe currently have two other projects in process with colleagues and students, directly related to Tylosaurus rex, so stay tuned for some other exciting findings.\u201d\n    <\/p>\n<p>\n    Mindy Weisberger is a science writer and media producer whose work has appeared in Live Science, Scientific American and How It Works magazine. She is the author of \u201cRise of the Zombie Bugs: The Surprising Science of Parasitic Mind-Control\u201d (Hopkins Press).\n<\/p>\n<p>\n    Sign up for CNN\u2019s Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more.\n<\/p><p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/?p=937\">Trump refiles $10 billion lawsuit over Wall Street Journal report on Epstein birthday letter<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There\u2019s a newly crowned T. rex. This one, called Tylosaurus rex, was a tyrant of the sea and mosasaur spanning up to 43 feet in length.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":942,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,8,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-953","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paleontology","category-science","category-unearthed"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Massive marine predator crowned T. rex of the ocean and \u2018a true terror of its time\u2019 - Relocation Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/?p=953\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Massive marine predator crowned T. rex of the ocean and \u2018a true terror of its time\u2019 - Relocation Times\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There\u2019s a newly crowned T. rex. 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