{"id":3634,"date":"2026-06-24T07:34:38","date_gmt":"2026-06-24T07:34:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/?p=3634"},"modified":"2026-06-24T07:34:38","modified_gmt":"2026-06-24T07:34:38","slug":"sunken-wreck-of-wwii-hell-ship-used-to-transport-pows-discovered-after-more-than-80-years","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/?p=3634","title":{"rendered":"Sunken wreck of WWII \u2018hell ship\u2019 used to transport POWs discovered after more than 80 years"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n A Japanese ship was in a convoysteaming through the South China Sea on September 21, 1944, with around 1,200 British and Dutch prisoners of war crammed in its holds. US warplanes, mistaking the unmarked ship for a military cargo vessel, dropped four torpedoes.\n <\/p>

Read more An unusual strategy helps some tropical butterflies live 25 times longer than their relatives<\/a><\/p>\n

\n One struck the ship. The vessel split in two and sank within minutes, dooming most of the Allied prisoners trapped below deck. Only about 200 of the weakened, sick POWs survived, and the exact location of the wreck was lost to the deep.\n <\/p>\n

\n Now, some 80 years later, researchers have uncovered the servicemen\u2019s final resting place. The team scoured documents buried in Japanese and US military archives before conducting sonar surveys and technical dives. These efforts ultimately located the wreck of the H\u014dfuku Maru near Zambales province, off the western coast of Luzon, the largest island in the Philippines.\n <\/p>\n

\n The Japanese military used 56 unmarked vessels dubbed \u201chell ships\u201d to transport more than 62,000 POWs during World War II. Allied fire sank 19 of these vessels. The location of five of those wrecks remains unknown.\n <\/p>\n

\n \u201cWe\u2019re talking about a dark hold that\u2019s metal. It stinks, it\u2019s boiling hot. There\u2019s no sanitary conditions. They\u2019re not being fed properly, if at all. Hardly any water,\u201d said Tim Beckensall, a World War II historian and the search director for the Hellships Memorial Foundation. \u201cIt\u2019s about the worst set of conditions you could design.\u201d\n <\/p>\n

\n The Hellships Memorial Foundation, with support from the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands and the Discovery Channel, found the wreck of theH\u014dfuku Maru. The quest is documented in a two-part season premiere of \u201cExpedition Unknown\u201d that will air June 24 on Discovery Channel. (Discovery Channel and CNN are both part of Warner Bros. Discovery.)\n <\/p>\n

\n \u201cThe most surprising part of this investigation is actually the story itself \u2014 the tragic legacy of the Hellships is a chapter of World War II that many people have never heard of,\u201d said explorer Josh Gates, who presents the show.\n <\/p>\n

\n \u201cBut it\u2019s vital history; the men who died aboard these ships made the ultimate sacrifice and have been waiting 80 years to be found,\u201d he said via email.\n <\/p>\n

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\nResearchers made a 3D model of the H\u014dfukuMaru using a technique called photogrammetry.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n
Hellships Memorial Foundation<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n Finding the wreck\n<\/h2>\n

\n Official records detailing H\u014dfukuMaru\u2019s sinking were incomplete and inconsistent, Beckensall said. Japanese records were fragmented, and Allied strike reports provided only approximate locations.\n <\/p>\n

\n However, in June 2025, Beckensall\u2019s colleague John Duresky discovered a digitized Japanese document written by officers on board the convoy\u2019s lead ship. The document included a timeline and map depicting where the convoy was struck; it stated that the H\u014dfuku Maru was second in line when it was hit and split in two, according to Beckensall.\n <\/p>\n

\n The researchers were then able to cross-reference some of the details with an \u201caircraft action report\u201d from the USS Bunker Hill aircraft carrier, which documented the sinking of an AK vessel, an abbreviation for auxiliary cargo, that was the second ship in its convoy. The site was more than 30 miles (48 kilometers) from where the ship was assumed to have been lost. Beckensall also spoke to local fishermen who said they had long known of what appeared to be a large wreck at the location.\n <\/p>\n

\n \u201cIt was the Japanese document that started the whole thing, and it was the smoking gun that really led to all the others,\u201d Beckensall said.\n <\/p>\n

\n Beckensall, based in Manila at the time, shared the archival findings with the British Embassy, which arranged a meeting with the Dutch and Philippine military attach\u00e9s, where Beckensall and Hellships Memorial Foundation founder Randy Anderson presented the evidence found so far.\n <\/p>\n

\n The Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands then agreed to fund an initial sonar survey and a preliminary dive mission to the site, which took place this past December and January.\n <\/p>\n

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\"Documents<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n
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\nDocuments from military archives in the US and Japan helped the team pinpoint the location of the shipwreck near Zambales province, off the western coast of Luzon in the Philippines.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n
National Archives and Records Administration<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n To the researchers\u2019 relief, the divers discovered some kind of wreckage at a depth of around 164 feet (50 meters) right where they had hoped. However, volcanic ash that washed into rivers and the sea during the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo is slowly engulfing the wreck. Because of the extremely poor conditions, identifying any distinguishing features has been nearly impossible.\n <\/p>\n

\n The Discovery Channel got involved in early 2026 and recruited Calvin Mires, a maritime archaeologist for Marine Imaging Technologies, who has worked on many World War II wrecks. Mires, along with underwater imaging specialist Evan Kovacs, took hundreds of images of the wreck.The duo used specialized computer software to turn them into a 3D model via a technique known as photogrammetry.\n <\/p>\n

\n \u201cIt\u2019s really low visibility, and the camera cleans a lot of that up,\u201d Mires said. \u201cThe camera sees a lot more.\u201d\n <\/p>\n

\n Mires said he initially had a \u201chealthy skepticism\u201d but said the \u201cpreponderance of evidence\u201d pointed toward the wreck being the H\u014dfuku Maru.\n <\/p>\n

\n The team compared the vessel\u2019s size, along with the position of its masts and cargo holds, against blueprints of the H\u014dfuku Maru, built in 1919. The wreck is split into two pieces, matching both US and Japanese accounts of its fate.\n <\/p>

Read more The new power broker: How Zohran Mamdani muscled NYC\u2019s Democratic establishment<\/a><\/p>\n

\n The Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands has reviewed a report Mires, Beckensall and his colleagues wrote about their investigation and issued a statement June 8 that said the wreck was \u201calmost certainly\u201d the H\u014dfuku Maru.\n <\/p>\n

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\"The<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n
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\nThe team monitors a computer during a sonar scan on December 16, 2025.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n
Kevin Hamdorf<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n \u2018Terrible conditions\u2019\n<\/h2>\n

\n While a majority of the POWs on board the H\u014dfuku Maru perished, some survived. At least two British servicemen, the late Capt. Nigel Evans and the late Capt. James Gibson, shared harrowing testimony about their treatment on board the ship during war crimes trials held in Singapore by the British shortly after the end of the conflict. Sgt. Maj. Jotani Kitaichi of the Imperial Japanese Army was sentenced to death by hanging as a result.\n <\/p>\n

\n Most of the captured Allied troops on board the ship had started their journey in Singapore and were destined for Japan, where prisoners toiled in factories and mines to sustain the war effort. The roughly 1,000 British and 250 Dutch POWs crowded into two holds so cramped they had to take turns lying down, according to a court document.\n <\/p>\n

\n Each man survived on three-quarters of a pint of water each day in sweltering temperatures, the document noted. While there were crude toilets on deck, many POWs were too weak to clamber out to use them and instead had to use \u201cmess tins as bed pans,\u201d Gibson said. The prisoners were at one point given life jackets, but they were later confiscated after guards found them being used as pillows, the court document said.\n <\/p>\n

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\"Subic<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n
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\nSubic Bay, on the west coast of Luzon island in the Philippines, is home to a memorial dedicated to those who perished on hell ships during World War II.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n
Discovery\u2019s Expedition Unknown<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n Evans said things took a turn for the worse in Manila where almost 100 British prisoners died while the ship docked for more than a month after encountering engine problems. The POWs were not allowed on deck.\n <\/p>\n

\n \u201cConditions on board became terrible,\u201d he said. \u201cIt was a common sight to see prisoners of war eating their meals within six feet of a corpse being prepared for burial. On the day before we sailed over a third of officers and men were unable to walk unassisted and there were a number of mental cases,\u201d said Evans, who managed to board another Japanese ship after the H\u014dfuku Maru sank and was taken to a POW camp in Taiwan.\n <\/p>\n

\n Gibson jumped overboard and swam to shore, where he spent five months with Filipino guerrillas. \u201cI made complaints during the voyage concerning medical supplies, conditions and food but nothing was done and all I received for my pains was blows from JOTANI,\u201d he said in an affidavit.\n <\/p>\n

\n Encountering human remains\n<\/h2>\n

\n During their dives to the wreck, Mires and Gates said they encountered human remains on the decks but did not go into the holds. \u201cThis ship is a grave, and now that she\u2019s been identified, the governments of the UK, the Netherlands, and the United States have been notified, and they\u2019ll determine the next course of action,\u201d Gates said.\n <\/p>\n

\n The Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands said the wreck was considered a war grave and would not be excavated out of reverence for the victims and their families.\n <\/p>\n

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\"Divers<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n
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\nDivers found the remains of the H\u014dfuku Maru at a depth of about 164 feet (50 meters).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n
Evan Kovacs\/Marine Imaging Technologies; LLC<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n No remains of American POWs are believed to be on board the H\u014dfuku Maru. However, the US Defense POW\/MIA Accounting Agency or DPAA, tasked with bringing home fallen service members, began efforts in February to account for the Americans associated with another prisoner of war transport ship, the Oryoku Maru.\n <\/p>\n

\n The vessel sank in Subic Bay on the west coast of Luzon in the Philippines in December 1944, a few months after the H\u014dfuku Maru. Meghan Mumford, the DPAA\u2019s scientific recovery expert for the Oryoku Maru and an underwater archaeologist, described the recovery as \u201cone of the largest, if not the largest, and certainly one of the most complex missions that we\u2019ve executed.\u201d\n <\/p>\n

\n Earlier this year, Mumford and a team of specialist divers began removing sediment from one of the cargo holds on the wreck where they believed POWs were held. Efforts to identify human remains are underway.\n <\/p>\n

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\"Divers<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n
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\n Divers Calvin Mires and Evan Kovacs deploy flags to mark sampling locations at the Avenger aircraft in Saipan.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n
Jeremy Borelli<\/figcaption>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\nOver 40,000 US troops have been lost at sea. Scientists are tracking invisible clues to find them<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

14 min read<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n

\n The exact coordinates of the H\u014dfuku Maru, which lies off the coast of San Narciso, are not being publicly released to protect the site.\n <\/p>\n

\n The Hellships Memorial in Subic Bay honors the memory of the servicemen who died aboard the H\u014dfuku Maru, and the Netherlands said it would work with other nations to seek a suitable way to commemorate the victims.\n <\/p>\n

\n \u201cI have in my career recovered remains and it hits you really hard,\u201d said Mires, who has worked with the DPAA on recovery missions. \u201cThe POW ships are really a forgotten part of the battles and the war, and they\u2019re dramatic and horrific and monumental on all levels.\u201d\n <\/p>\n

\n Sign up for CNN\u2019s Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more.\n<\/p>

Read more Watch the first-ever video of a newfound spider\u2019s spring-loaded death trap<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Archaeologists have discovered the wreck of the H\u014dfuku Maru \u2014 the final resting place of 1,000 British and Dutch POWs captured in Singapore during World War II.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3621,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,8,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3634","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archaeology","category-science","category-unearthed"],"yoast_head":"\nSunken wreck of WWII \u2018hell ship\u2019 used to transport POWs discovered after more than 80 years - Relocation Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/relocationtimess.com\/?p=3634\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sunken wreck of WWII \u2018hell ship\u2019 used to transport POWs discovered after more than 80 years - 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